Private Pilot ACS · Area IV

PA.IV Takeoffs, Landings, and Go-Arounds

14 tasks and 402 knowledge, risk management and skill elements. Each code below is a link target: a code from your test report, such as PA.IV.A.K1, lands on its own line.

Written by the FlightWay team. Regulations checked against the eCFR and faa.gov on 11 November 2026. Not a substitute for the regulation itself or your instructor.

Private Pilot Airman Certification Standards, FAA-S-ACS-6C (November 2023 edition), effective May 31, 2024 and incorporated by reference in 14 CFR 61.14. Text from the FAA’s ACS page, checked on 11 November 2026. If the FAA has published a newer edition since, the codes and wording may differ: the FAA document is the authority.

PA.IV.A Normal Takeoff and Climb

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with normal takeoff, climb operations, and rejected takeoff procedures.

PA.IV.A.K1Knowledge: Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.
PA.IV.A.K2Knowledge: Best angle of climb speed (VX) and best rate of climb speed (VY).
PA.IV.A.K3Knowledge: Appropriate airplane configuration.
PA.IV.A.R1Risk management: Selection of runway or takeoff path based on aircraft performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
PA.IV.A.R2Risk management: Effects of:
PA.IV.A.R2aRisk management: Crosswind
PA.IV.A.R2bRisk management: Windshear
PA.IV.A.R2cRisk management: Tailwind
PA.IV.A.R2dRisk management: Wake turbulence
PA.IV.A.R2eRisk management: Takeoff surface/condition
PA.IV.A.R3Risk management: Abnormal operations, including planning for:
PA.IV.A.R3aRisk management: Rejected takeoff
PA.IV.A.R3bRisk management: Potential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flight
PA.IV.A.R4Risk management: Collision hazards.
PA.IV.A.R5Risk management: Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.A.R6Risk management: Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.A.R7Risk management: Runway incursion.
PA.IV.A.S1Skill: Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.A.S2Skill: Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.A.S3Skill: Verify assigned/correct runway or takeoff path.
PA.IV.A.S4Skill: Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.
PA.IV.A.S5Skill: Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.
PA.IV.A.S6Skill: Clear the area, taxi into takeoff position, and align the airplane on the runway centerline (ASEL, AMEL) or takeoff path (ASES, AMES).
PA.IV.A.S6aSkill: Retract the water rudders, as appropriate (ASES, AMES)
PA.IV.A.S7Skill: Advance the throttle smoothly to takeoff power and confirm proper engine and flight instrument indications prior to rotation.
PA.IV.A.S7aSkill: Establish and maintain the most efficient planing/lift-off attitude, and correct for porpoising or skipping (ASES, AMES)
PA.IV.A.S8Skill: Avoid excessive water spray on the propeller(s) (ASES, AMES).
PA.IV.A.S9Skill: Rotate and lift off at the recommended airspeed and accelerate to VY.
PA.IV.A.S10Skill: [Archived]
PA.IV.A.S11Skill: Establish a pitch attitude to maintain the manufacturer's recommended speed or VY, +10/-5 knots.
PA.IV.A.S12Skill: Configure the airplane in accordance with manufacturer's guidance.
PA.IV.A.S13Skill: Maintain VY +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.
PA.IV.A.S14Skill: Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.
PA.IV.A.S15Skill: Comply with noise abatement procedures, as applicable.

PA.IV.B Normal Approach and Landing

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with normal approach and landing with emphasis on proper use and coordination of flight controls.

PA.IV.B.K1Knowledge: A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.
PA.IV.B.K2Knowledge: Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.
PA.IV.B.K3Knowledge: Wind correction techniques on approach and landing.
PA.IV.B.R1Risk management: Selection of runway/landing surface, approach path, and touchdown area based on pilot capability, aircraft performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
PA.IV.B.R2Risk management: Effects of:
PA.IV.B.R2aRisk management: Crosswind
PA.IV.B.R2bRisk management: Windshear
PA.IV.B.R2cRisk management: Tailwind
PA.IV.B.R2dRisk management: Wake turbulence
PA.IV.B.R2eRisk management: Landing surface/condition
PA.IV.B.R3Risk management: Planning for:
PA.IV.B.R3aRisk management: Rejected landing and go-around
PA.IV.B.R3bRisk management: Land and hold short operations (LAHSO)
PA.IV.B.R4Risk management: Collision hazards.
PA.IV.B.R5Risk management: Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.B.R6Risk management: Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.B.S1Skill: Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.B.S2Skill: Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.B.S3Skill: Ensure the airplane is aligned with the correct/assigned runway or landing surface.
PA.IV.B.S4Skill: Scan the runway or landing surface and adjoining area for traffic and obstructions.
PA.IV.B.S5Skill: Select and aim for a suitable touchdown point considering the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions.
PA.IV.B.S6Skill: Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.
PA.IV.B.S7Skill: Maintain manufacturer's published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 times the stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed in the landing configuration (VSO), +10/-5 knots with gust factor applied.
PA.IV.B.S8Skill: Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.
PA.IV.B.S9Skill: Make smooth, timely, and correct control application during round out and touchdown.
PA.IV.B.S10Skill: Touch down at a proper pitch attitude, within 400 feet beyond or on the specified point, with no side drift, and with the airplane's longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway center/landing path.
PA.IV.B.S11Skill: Execute a timely go-around if the approach cannot be made within the tolerances specified above or for any other condition that may result in an unsafe approach or landing.
PA.IV.B.S12Skill: Use runway incursion avoidance procedures, if applicable.

PA.IV.C Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb (ASEL)

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with soft-field takeoff, climb operations, and rejected takeoff procedures.

PA.IV.C.K1Knowledge: Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.
PA.IV.C.K2Knowledge: Best angle of climb speed (VX) and best rate of climb speed (VY).
PA.IV.C.K3Knowledge: Appropriate airplane configuration.
PA.IV.C.K4Knowledge: Ground effect.
PA.IV.C.K5Knowledge: Importance of weight transfer from wheels to wings.
PA.IV.C.K6Knowledge: Left turning tendencies.
PA.IV.C.R1Risk management: Selection of runway based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
PA.IV.C.R2Risk management: Effects of:
PA.IV.C.R2aRisk management: Crosswind
PA.IV.C.R2bRisk management: Windshear
PA.IV.C.R2cRisk management: Tailwind
PA.IV.C.R2dRisk management: Wake turbulence
PA.IV.C.R2eRisk management: Takeoff surface/condition
PA.IV.C.R3Risk management: Abnormal operations, including planning for:
PA.IV.C.R3aRisk management: Rejected takeoff
PA.IV.C.R3bRisk management: Potential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flight
PA.IV.C.R4Risk management: Collision hazards.
PA.IV.C.R5Risk management: Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.C.R6Risk management: Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.C.S1Skill: Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.C.S2Skill: Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.C.S3Skill: Verify assigned/correct runway.
PA.IV.C.S4Skill: Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.
PA.IV.C.S5Skill: Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.
PA.IV.C.S6Skill: Clear the area, maintain necessary flight control inputs, taxi into takeoff position and align the airplane on the runway centerline without stopping, while advancing the throttle smoothly to takeoff power.
PA.IV.C.S7Skill: Confirm takeoff power and proper engine and flight instrument indications.
PA.IV.C.S8Skill: Establish and maintain a pitch attitude that transfers the weight of the airplane from the wheels to the wings as rapidly as possible.
PA.IV.C.S9Skill: Lift off at the lowest possible airspeed and remain in ground effect while accelerating to VX or VY, as appropriate.
PA.IV.C.S10Skill: Establish a pitch attitude for VX or VY, as appropriate, and maintain selected airspeed +10/-5 knots during the climb.
PA.IV.C.S11Skill: Configure the airplane after a positive rate of climb has been verified or in accordance with airplane manufacturer's instructions.
PA.IV.C.S12Skill: Maintain VX or VY, as appropriate, +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.
PA.IV.C.S13Skill: Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.
PA.IV.C.S14Skill: Comply with noise abatement procedures, as applicable.

PA.IV.D Soft-Field Approach and Landing (ASEL)

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with soft-field approach and landing with emphasis on proper use and coordination of flight controls.

PA.IV.D.K1Knowledge: A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.
PA.IV.D.K2Knowledge: Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.
PA.IV.D.K3Knowledge: Wind correction techniques on approach and landing.
PA.IV.D.R1Risk management: Selection of runway based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
PA.IV.D.R2Risk management: Effects of:
PA.IV.D.R2aRisk management: Crosswind
PA.IV.D.R2bRisk management: Windshear
PA.IV.D.R2cRisk management: Tailwind
PA.IV.D.R2dRisk management: Wake turbulence
PA.IV.D.R2eRisk management: Landing surface/condition
PA.IV.D.R3Risk management: Planning for:
PA.IV.D.R3aRisk management: Rejected landing and go-around
PA.IV.D.R3bRisk management: Land and hold short operations (LAHSO)
PA.IV.D.R4Risk management: Collision hazards.
PA.IV.D.R5Risk management: Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.D.R6Risk management: Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.D.S1Skill: Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.D.S2Skill: Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.D.S3Skill: Ensure the airplane is aligned with the correct/assigned runway.
PA.IV.D.S4Skill: Scan the landing runway and adjoining area for traffic and obstructions.
PA.IV.D.S5Skill: Select and aim for a suitable touchdown point considering the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions.
PA.IV.D.S6Skill: Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.
PA.IV.D.S7Skill: Maintain manufacturer's published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 VSO, +10/-5 knots with gust factor applied.
PA.IV.D.S8Skill: Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.
PA.IV.D.S9Skill: Make smooth, timely, and correct control inputs during the round out and touchdown, and, for tricycle gear airplanes, keep the nose wheel off the surface until loss of elevator effectiveness.
PA.IV.D.S10Skill: Touch down at a proper pitch attitude with minimum sink rate, no side drift, and with the airplane's longitudinal axis aligned with the center of the runway.
PA.IV.D.S11Skill: Maintain elevator as recommended by manufacturer during rollout and exit the "soft" area at a speed that would preclude sinking into the surface.
PA.IV.D.S12Skill: Execute a timely go-around if the approach cannot be made within the tolerances specified above or for any other condition that may result in an unsafe approach or landing.
PA.IV.D.S13Skill: Maintain proper position of the flight controls and sufficient speed to taxi while on the soft surface.

PA.IV.E Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb (ASEL, AMEL)

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with short-field takeoff, maximum performance climb operations, and rejected takeoff procedures.

PA.IV.E.K1Knowledge: Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.
PA.IV.E.K2Knowledge: Best angle of climb speed (VX) and best rate of climb speed (VY).
PA.IV.E.K3Knowledge: Appropriate airplane configuration.
PA.IV.E.R1Risk management: Selection of runway based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
PA.IV.E.R2Risk management: Effects of:
PA.IV.E.R2aRisk management: Crosswind
PA.IV.E.R2bRisk management: Windshear
PA.IV.E.R2cRisk management: Tailwind
PA.IV.E.R2dRisk management: Wake turbulence
PA.IV.E.R2eRisk management: Takeoff surface/condition
PA.IV.E.R3Risk management: Abnormal operations, including planning for:
PA.IV.E.R3aRisk management: Rejected takeoff
PA.IV.E.R3bRisk management: Potential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flight
PA.IV.E.R4Risk management: Collision hazards.
PA.IV.E.R5Risk management: Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.E.R6Risk management: Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.E.S1Skill: Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.E.S2Skill: Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.E.S3Skill: Verify assigned/correct runway.
PA.IV.E.S4Skill: Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.
PA.IV.E.S5Skill: Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.
PA.IV.E.S6Skill: Clear the area, taxi into takeoff position, and align the airplane on the runway centerline utilizing maximum available takeoff area.
PA.IV.E.S7Skill: Apply brakes while setting engine power to achieve maximum performance.
PA.IV.E.S8Skill: Confirm takeoff power prior to brake release and verify proper engine and flight instrument indications prior to rotation.
PA.IV.E.S9Skill: Rotate and lift off at the recommended airspeed and accelerate to the recommended obstacle clearance airspeed or VX, +10/-5 knots.
PA.IV.E.S10Skill: Establish a pitch attitude to maintain the recommended obstacle clearance airspeed or VX, +10/-5 knots until the obstacle is cleared or until the airplane is 50 feet above the surface.
PA.IV.E.S11Skill: Establish a pitch attitude for VY and accelerate to VY +10/-5 knots after clearing the obstacle or at 50 feet AGL if simulating an obstacle.
PA.IV.E.S12Skill: Configure the airplane in accordance with the manufacturer's guidance after a positive rate of climb has been verified.
PA.IV.E.S13Skill: Maintain VY +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.
PA.IV.E.S14Skill: Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.
PA.IV.E.S15Skill: Comply with noise abatement procedures, as applicable.

PA.IV.F Short-Field Approach and Landing (ASEL, AMEL)

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with short-field approach and landing with emphasis on proper use and coordination of flight controls.

PA.IV.F.K1Knowledge: A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.
PA.IV.F.K2Knowledge: Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.
PA.IV.F.K3Knowledge: Wind correction techniques on approach and landing.
PA.IV.F.R1Risk management: Selection of runway based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
PA.IV.F.R2Risk management: Effects of:
PA.IV.F.R2aRisk management: Crosswind
PA.IV.F.R2bRisk management: Windshear
PA.IV.F.R2cRisk management: Tailwind
PA.IV.F.R2dRisk management: Wake turbulence
PA.IV.F.R2eRisk management: Landing surface/condition
PA.IV.F.R3Risk management: Planning for:
PA.IV.F.R3aRisk management: Rejected landing and go-around
PA.IV.F.R3bRisk management: Land and hold short operations (LAHSO)
PA.IV.F.R4Risk management: Collision hazards.
PA.IV.F.R5Risk management: Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.F.R6Risk management: Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.F.S1Skill: Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.F.S2Skill: Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.F.S3Skill: Ensure the airplane is aligned with the correct/assigned runway.
PA.IV.F.S4Skill: Scan the landing runway and adjoining area for traffic and obstructions.
PA.IV.F.S5Skill: Select and aim for a suitable touchdown point considering the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions.
PA.IV.F.S6Skill: Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.
PA.IV.F.S7Skill: Maintain manufacturer's published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 VSO, +10/-5 knots with gust factor applied.
PA.IV.F.S8Skill: Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.
PA.IV.F.S9Skill: Make smooth, timely, and correct control application before, during, and after touchdown.
PA.IV.F.S10Skill: Touch down at a proper pitch attitude within 200 feet beyond or on the specified point, threshold markings, or runway numbers, with no side drift, minimum float, and with the airplane's longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway centerline.
PA.IV.F.S11Skill: Use manufacturer's recommended procedures for airplane configuration and braking.
PA.IV.F.S12Skill: Execute a timely go-around if the approach cannot be made within the tolerances specified above or for any other condition that may result in an unsafe approach or landing.
PA.IV.F.S13Skill: Use runway incursion avoidance procedures, if applicable.

PA.IV.G Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb (ASES, AMES)

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with confined area takeoff and maximum performance climb.

PA.IV.G.K1Knowledge: Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.
PA.IV.G.K2Knowledge: Best angle of climb speed (VX) and best rate of climb speed (VY).
PA.IV.G.K3Knowledge: Appropriate airplane configuration.
PA.IV.G.K4Knowledge: Effects of water surface.
PA.IV.G.R1Risk management: Selection of takeoff path based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
PA.IV.G.R2Risk management: Effects of:
PA.IV.G.R2aRisk management: Crosswind
PA.IV.G.R2bRisk management: Windshear
PA.IV.G.R2cRisk management: Tailwind
PA.IV.G.R2dRisk management: Wake turbulence
PA.IV.G.R2eRisk management: Water surface/condition
PA.IV.G.R3Risk management: Abnormal operations, including planning for:
PA.IV.G.R3aRisk management: Rejected takeoff
PA.IV.G.R3bRisk management: Potential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flight
PA.IV.G.R4Risk management: Collision hazards.
PA.IV.G.R5Risk management: Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.G.R6Risk management: Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.G.S1Skill: Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.G.S2Skill: Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.G.S3Skill: Verify assigned/correct takeoff path.
PA.IV.G.S4Skill: Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.
PA.IV.G.S5Skill: Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.
PA.IV.G.S6Skill: Clear the area, taxi into takeoff position utilizing maximum available takeoff area, and align the airplane on the takeoff path.
PA.IV.G.S6aSkill: Retract the water rudders, as appropriate
PA.IV.G.S7Skill: Advance the throttle smoothly to takeoff power and confirm proper engine and flight instrument indications prior to rotation.
PA.IV.G.S8Skill: Establish a pitch attitude that maintains the most efficient planing/lift-off attitude and correct for porpoising and skipping.
PA.IV.G.S9Skill: Avoid excessive water spray on the propeller(s).
PA.IV.G.S10Skill: Rotate and lift off at the recommended airspeed, and accelerate to the recommended obstacle clearance airspeed or VX.
PA.IV.G.S11Skill: Establish a pitch attitude to maintain the recommended obstacle clearance airspeed or VX, +10/-5 knots until the obstacle is cleared or until the airplane is 50 feet above the surface.
PA.IV.G.S12Skill: Establish a pitch attitude for VY and accelerate to VY +10/-5 knots after clearing the obstacle or at 50 feet AGL if simulating an obstacle.
PA.IV.G.S13Skill: Retract flaps, if extended, after a positive rate of climb has been verified or in accordance with airplane manufacturer's guidance.
PA.IV.G.S14Skill: Maintain VY +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.
PA.IV.G.S15Skill: Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.
PA.IV.G.S16Skill: Comply with noise abatement procedures, as applicable.

PA.IV.H Confined Area Approach and Landing (ASES, AMES)

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with confined area approach and landing.

PA.IV.H.K1Knowledge: A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.
PA.IV.H.K2Knowledge: Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.
PA.IV.H.K3Knowledge: Wind correction techniques on approach and landing.
PA.IV.H.R1Risk management: Selection of approach path and touchdown area based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
PA.IV.H.R2Risk management: Effects of:
PA.IV.H.R2aRisk management: Crosswind
PA.IV.H.R2bRisk management: Windshear
PA.IV.H.R2cRisk management: Tailwind
PA.IV.H.R2dRisk management: Wake turbulence
PA.IV.H.R2eRisk management: Water surface/condition
PA.IV.H.R3Risk management: Planning for a go-around and rejected landing.
PA.IV.H.R4Risk management: Collision hazards.
PA.IV.H.R5Risk management: Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.H.R6Risk management: Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.H.S1Skill: Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.H.S2Skill: Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.H.S3Skill: Ensure the airplane is aligned for an approach to the correct/assigned landing surface.
PA.IV.H.S4Skill: Scan the landing area for traffic and obstructions.
PA.IV.H.S5Skill: Select and aim for a suitable touchdown point considering the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions.
PA.IV.H.S6Skill: Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.
PA.IV.H.S7Skill: Maintain manufacturer's published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 VSO, +10/-5 knots with gust factor applied.
PA.IV.H.S8Skill: Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.
PA.IV.H.S9Skill: Make smooth, timely, and correct control application before, during, and after touchdown.
PA.IV.H.S10Skill: Contact the water at the recommended airspeed with a proper pitch attitude for the surface conditions.
PA.IV.H.S11Skill: Touch down at a proper pitch attitude, within 200 feet beyond or on the specified point, with no side drift, minimum float, and with the airplane's longitudinal axis aligned with the projected landing path.
PA.IV.H.S12Skill: Execute a timely go-around if the approach cannot be made within the tolerances specified above or for any other condition that may result in an unsafe approach or landing.
PA.IV.H.S13Skill: Apply elevator control as necessary to stop in the shortest distance consistent with safety.

PA.IV.I Glassy Water Takeoff and Climb (ASES, AMES)

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with glassy water takeoff and climb.

PA.IV.I.K1Knowledge: Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.
PA.IV.I.K2Knowledge: Best angle of climb speed (VX) and best rate of climb speed (VY).
PA.IV.I.K3Knowledge: Appropriate airplane configuration.
PA.IV.I.K4Knowledge: Appropriate use of glassy water takeoff and climb technique.
PA.IV.I.R1Risk management: Selection of takeoff path based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, and available distance.
PA.IV.I.R2Risk management: Water surface/condition.
PA.IV.I.R3Risk management: Abnormal operations, including planning for:
PA.IV.I.R3aRisk management: Rejected takeoff
PA.IV.I.R3bRisk management: Potential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flight
PA.IV.I.R4Risk management: Collision hazards.
PA.IV.I.R5Risk management: Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.I.R6Risk management: Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.I.R7Risk management: Gear position in an amphibious airplane.
PA.IV.I.S1Skill: Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.I.S2Skill: Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.I.S3Skill: Position flight controls and configure the aircraft for the existing conditions.
PA.IV.I.S4Skill: Clear the area, select appropriate takeoff path considering surface hazards or vessels and surface conditions:
PA.IV.I.S4aSkill: Retract the water rudders, as appropriate
PA.IV.I.S4bSkill: Advance the throttle smoothly to takeoff power and confirm proper engine and flight instrument indications prior to rotation
PA.IV.I.S5Skill: [Archived]
PA.IV.I.S6Skill: Establish and maintain an appropriate planing attitude, directional control, and correct for porpoising, skipping, and increase in water drag.
PA.IV.I.S7Skill: Avoid excessive water spray on the propeller(s).
PA.IV.I.S8Skill: Use appropriate techniques to lift seaplane from the water considering surface conditions.
PA.IV.I.S9Skill: Establish proper attitude/airspeed and accelerate to VY +10/-5 knots during the climb.
PA.IV.I.S10Skill: Configure the airplane after a positive rate of climb has been verified or in accordance with airplane manufacturer's instructions.
PA.IV.I.S11Skill: Maintain VY +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.
PA.IV.I.S12Skill: Maintain directional control throughout takeoff and climb.

PA.IV.J Glassy Water Approach and Landing (ASES, AMES)

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with glassy water approach and landing.

PA.IV.J.K1Knowledge: A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.
PA.IV.J.K2Knowledge: Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.
PA.IV.J.K3Knowledge: When and why glassy water techniques are used.
PA.IV.J.K4Knowledge: How a glassy water approach and landing is executed.
PA.IV.J.R1Risk management: Selection of approach path and touchdown area based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, and available distance.
PA.IV.J.R2Risk management: Water surface/condition.
PA.IV.J.R3Risk management: Planning for a go-around and rejected landing.
PA.IV.J.R4Risk management: Collision hazards.
PA.IV.J.R5Risk management: Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.J.R6Risk management: Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.J.R7Risk management: Gear position in an amphibious airplane.
PA.IV.J.S1Skill: Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.J.S2Skill: Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.J.S3Skill: Scan the landing area for traffic and obstructions.
PA.IV.J.S4Skill: Select a proper approach and landing path considering the landing surface, visual attitude references, water depth, and collision hazards.
PA.IV.J.S5Skill: Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.
PA.IV.J.S6Skill: Maintain manufacturer's published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 VSO, +10/-5 knots.
PA.IV.J.S7Skill: Make smooth, timely, and correct power and control adjustments to maintain proper pitch attitude and rate of descent to touchdown.
PA.IV.J.S8Skill: Contact the water in a proper pitch attitude, and slow to idle taxi speed.
PA.IV.J.S9Skill: Maintain directional control throughout the approach and landing.

PA.IV.K Rough Water Takeoff and Climb (ASES, AMES)

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with rough water takeoff and climb.

PA.IV.K.K1Knowledge: Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.
PA.IV.K.K2Knowledge: Best angle of climb speed (VX) and best rate of climb speed (VY).
PA.IV.K.K3Knowledge: Appropriate airplane configuration.
PA.IV.K.K4Knowledge: Appropriate use of rough water takeoff and climb technique.
PA.IV.K.R1Risk management: Selection of takeoff path based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
PA.IV.K.R2Risk management: Effects of:
PA.IV.K.R2aRisk management: Crosswind
PA.IV.K.R2bRisk management: Windshear
PA.IV.K.R2cRisk management: Tailwind
PA.IV.K.R2dRisk management: Wake turbulence
PA.IV.K.R2eRisk management: Water surface/condition
PA.IV.K.R3Risk management: Abnormal operations, including planning for:
PA.IV.K.R3aRisk management: Rejected takeoff
PA.IV.K.R3bRisk management: Potential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flight
PA.IV.K.R4Risk management: Collision hazards.
PA.IV.K.R5Risk management: Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.K.R6Risk management: Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.K.R7Risk management: Gear position in an amphibious airplane.
PA.IV.K.S1Skill: Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.K.S2Skill: Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.K.S3Skill: Verify assigned/correct takeoff path.
PA.IV.K.S4Skill: Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.
PA.IV.K.S5Skill: Position flight controls and configure the airplane for the existing conditions.
PA.IV.K.S6Skill: Clear the area, select an appropriate takeoff path considering wind, swells, surface hazards, or vessels.
PA.IV.K.S6aSkill: Retract the water rudders, as appropriate
PA.IV.K.S6bSkill: Advance the throttle smoothly to takeoff power and confirm proper engine and flight instrument indications prior to rotation
PA.IV.K.S7Skill: [Archived]
PA.IV.K.S8Skill: Establish and maintain an appropriate planing attitude, directional control, and correct for porpoising, skipping, and increase in water drag.
PA.IV.K.S9Skill: Avoid excessive water spray on the propeller(s).
PA.IV.K.S10Skill: Lift off at minimum airspeed and accelerate to VY +10/- 5 knots before leaving ground effect.
PA.IV.K.S11Skill: Configure the airplane after a positive rate of climb has been verified or in accordance with airplane manufacturer's instructions.
PA.IV.K.S12Skill: Maintain VY +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.
PA.IV.K.S13Skill: Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.

PA.IV.L Rough Water Approach and Landing (ASES, AMES)

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with rough water approach and landing.

PA.IV.L.K1Knowledge: A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.
PA.IV.L.K2Knowledge: Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.
PA.IV.L.K3Knowledge: Wind correction techniques on approach and landing.
PA.IV.L.K4Knowledge: When and why rough water techniques are used.
PA.IV.L.K5Knowledge: How to perform a proper rough water approach and landing.
PA.IV.L.R1Risk management: Selection of approach path and touchdown area based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
PA.IV.L.R2Risk management: Effects of:
PA.IV.L.R2aRisk management: Crosswind
PA.IV.L.R2bRisk management: Windshear
PA.IV.L.R2cRisk management: Tailwind
PA.IV.L.R2dRisk management: Wake turbulence
PA.IV.L.R2eRisk management: Water surface/condition
PA.IV.L.R3Risk management: Planning for a go-around and rejected landing.
PA.IV.L.R4Risk management: Collision hazards.
PA.IV.L.R5Risk management: Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.L.R6Risk management: Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.L.R7Risk management: Gear position in an amphibious airplane.
PA.IV.L.S1Skill: Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.L.S2Skill: Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.L.S3Skill: Ensure the airplane is aligned with the correct/assigned waterway.
PA.IV.L.S4Skill: Scan the landing area for traffic and obstructions.
PA.IV.L.S5Skill: Select and aim for a suitable touchdown point considering the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions.
PA.IV.L.S6Skill: Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.
PA.IV.L.S7Skill: Maintain manufacturer's published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 VSO, +10/-5 knots with gust factor applied.
PA.IV.L.S8Skill: Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.
PA.IV.L.S9Skill: Make smooth, timely, and correct power and control adjustments to maintain proper pitch attitude and rate of descent to touchdown.
PA.IV.L.S10Skill: Contact the water in a proper pitch attitude, considering the type of rough water.

PA.IV.M Forward Slip to a Landing (ASEL, ASES)

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with forward slip to a landing.

PA.IV.M.K1Knowledge: Concepts of energy management during a forward slip approach.
PA.IV.M.K2Knowledge: Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.
PA.IV.M.K3Knowledge: Wind correction techniques during forward slip.
PA.IV.M.K4Knowledge: When and why a forward slip approach is used during an approach.
PA.IV.M.R1Risk management: Selection of runway/landing surface, approach path, and touchdown area based on pilot capability, aircraft performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
PA.IV.M.R2Risk management: Effects of:
PA.IV.M.R2aRisk management: Crosswind
PA.IV.M.R2bRisk management: Windshear
PA.IV.M.R2cRisk management: Tailwind
PA.IV.M.R2dRisk management: Wake turbulence
PA.IV.M.R2eRisk management: Landing surface/condition
PA.IV.M.R3Risk management: Planning for:
PA.IV.M.R3aRisk management: Rejected landing and go-around
PA.IV.M.R3bRisk management: Land and hold short operations (LAHSO)
PA.IV.M.R4Risk management: Collision hazards.
PA.IV.M.R5Risk management: Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.M.R6Risk management: Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.M.R7Risk management: Forward slip operations, including fuel flowage, tail stalls with flaps, and airspeed control.
PA.IV.M.R8Risk management: Surface contact with the airplane's longitudinal axis misaligned.
PA.IV.M.R9Risk management: Unstable approach.
PA.IV.M.S1Skill: Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.M.S2Skill: Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.M.S3Skill: Plan and follow a flightpath to the selected landing area considering altitude, wind, terrain, and obstructions.
PA.IV.M.S4Skill: Select the most suitable touchdown point based on wind, landing surface, obstructions, and airplane limitations.
PA.IV.M.S5Skill: Position airplane on downwind leg, parallel to landing runway or selected landing surface.
PA.IV.M.S6Skill: Configure the airplane correctly.
PA.IV.M.S7Skill: As necessary, correlate crosswind with direction of forward slip and transition to side slip before touchdown.
PA.IV.M.S8Skill: Touch down at a proper pitch attitude, within 400 feet beyond or on the specified point, with no side drift, and with the airplane's longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway center/landing path.
PA.IV.M.S9Skill: Maintain a ground track aligned with the runway center/landing path.

PA.IV.N Go-Around/Rejected Landing

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with go-around/rejected landing with emphasis on factors that contribute to landing conditions that may require a go-around.

PA.IV.N.K1Knowledge: A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.
PA.IV.N.K2Knowledge: Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind and density altitude, on a go-around or rejected landing.
PA.IV.N.K3Knowledge: Wind correction techniques on takeoff/departure and approach/landing.
PA.IV.N.R1Risk management: Delayed recognition of the need for a go-around/rejected landing.
PA.IV.N.R2Risk management: Delayed performance of a go-around at low altitude.
PA.IV.N.R3Risk management: Power application.
PA.IV.N.R4Risk management: Configuring the airplane.
PA.IV.N.R5Risk management: Collision hazards.
PA.IV.N.R6Risk management: Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.N.R7Risk management: Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.N.R8Risk management: Runway incursion.
PA.IV.N.R9Risk management: Managing a go-around/rejected landing after accepting a LAHSO clearance.
PA.IV.N.S1Skill: Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.N.S2Skill: Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.N.S3Skill: Make a timely decision to discontinue the approach to landing.
PA.IV.N.S4Skill: Apply takeoff power immediately and transition to climb pitch attitude for VX or VY as appropriate +10/-5 knots.
PA.IV.N.S5Skill: Configure the airplane after a positive rate of climb has been verified or in accordance with airplane manufacturer's instructions.
PA.IV.N.S6Skill: Maneuver to the side of the runway/landing area when necessary to clear and avoid conflicting traffic.
PA.IV.N.S7Skill: Maintain VY +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.
PA.IV.N.S8Skill: Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the climb.
PA.IV.N.S9Skill: Use runway incursion avoidance procedures, if applicable.

Other areas in this standard

PA.I Preflight Preparation9 tasks PA.II Preflight Procedures6 tasks PA.III Airport and Seaplane Base Operations2 tasks PA.V Performance Maneuvers and Ground Reference Maneuvers2 tasks PA.VI Navigation4 tasks PA.VII Slow Flight and Stalls4 tasks PA.VIII Basic Instrument Maneuvers6 tasks PA.IX Emergency Operations7 tasks PA.X Multiengine Operations4 tasks PA.XI Night Operations1 task PA.XII Postflight Procedures2 tasks

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Last updated 11 November 2026.